Human Society and Environment

A) Basics of Environmental Science

1. What is the main goal of environmental science?
   a) Studying plant species
   b) Understanding and solving environmental problems ✅
   c) Predicting weather patterns
   d) Measuring atmospheric pressure

2. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
   a) Troposphere
   b) Stratosphere ✅
   c) Mesosphere
   d) Thermosphere

3. Which is the most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere?
   a) Carbon dioxide
   b) Water vapor ✅
   c) Methane
   d) Nitrous oxide

4. What is the full form of UNEP?
   a) United Nations Environmental Protection
   b) United Nations Environment Programme ✅
   c) United Nations Ecological Panel
   d) Universal Nature and Environment Protection

5. Which of the following is NOT an example of renewable energy?
   a) Solar power
   b) Wind energy
   c) Hydroelectric power
   d) Natural gas ✅

B) Environmental Education and Awareness

6. Which movement in India focused on forest conservation?
   a) Narmada Bachao Andolan
   b) Chipko Movement ✅
   c) Green Revolution
   d) Silent Valley Movement

7. Which organization releases the “Living Planet Report”?
   a) UNEP
   b) WWF ✅
   c) FAO
   d) IPCC

8. What is the main purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?
   a) To predict environmental effects of projects ✅
   b) To measure pollution levels
   c) To classify endangered species
   d) To promote urbanization

9. Which day is celebrated as World Environment Day?
   a) April 22
   b) June 5 ✅
   c) September 16
   d) December 3

10. Which Indian city is known as the “Electronic Waste Capital”?
    a) Kolkata
    b) Delhi
    c) Bengaluru ✅
    d) Mumbai

C) Interaction between Environment and Civilization

11. Which ancient civilization was known for its efficient water management system?
    a) Mesopotamian
    b) Indus Valley ✅
    c) Egyptian
    d) Greek

12. Which human activity leads to desertification?
    a) Afforestation
    b) Deforestation ✅
    c) Crop rotation
    d) Water conservation

13. What was the main environmental concern of the Industrial Revolution?
    a) Population growth
    b) Air pollution ✅
    c) Soil conservation
    d) Wildlife protection

14. Which country produces the most plastic waste?
    a) China ✅
    b) USA
    c) India
    d) Russia

15. Which practice helps reduce soil erosion?
    a) Overgrazing
    b) Crop rotation ✅
    c) Deforestation
    d) Urbanization

D) Ecological Footprints

16. What does the term “ecological footprint” measure?
    a) Carbon emissions only
    b) Land area needed to support human activities ✅
    c) Energy consumption
    d) Water pollution

17. Which sector contributes most to global carbon emissions?
    a) Agriculture
    b) Transport
    c) Energy production ✅
    d) Waste management

18. Which of the following is NOT a sustainable practice?
    a) Recycling
    b) Using fossil fuels ✅
    c) Water conservation
    d) Organic farming

19. Which of the following is the largest contributor to deforestation?
    a) Urbanization
    b) Agriculture ✅
    c) Mining
    d) Road construction

20. Which country has the highest per capita ecological footprint?
    a) India
    b) USA ✅
    c) China
    d) Brazil

E) Genesis of Environmentalism

21. Who is known as the “father of environmental science”?
    a) Rachel Carson
    b) James Lovelock
    c) Ernst Haeckel ✅
    d) Vandana Shiva

22. Which book by Rachel Carson raised awareness about pesticides?
    a) Our Common Future
    b) The Silent Spring ✅
    c) The Population Bomb
    d) Gaia Hypothesis

23. Which international agreement focuses on climate change?
    a) Kyoto Protocol ✅
    b) Montreal Protocol
    c) Paris Agreement
    d) Ramsar Convention

24. Which organization publishes the “Global Environment Outlook” report?
    a) IPCC
    b) WWF
    c) UNEP ✅
    d) FAO

25. When was the first Earth Summit held?
    a) 1972
    b) 1992 ✅
    c) 2000
    d) 2015

F) Miscellaneous Environmental Topics

26. Which gas is responsible for acid rain?
    a) Carbon dioxide
    b) Sulfur dioxide ✅
    c) Oxygen
    d) Methane

27. What does “Agenda 21” focus on?
    a) Reducing crime
    b) Sustainable development ✅
    c) Space exploration
    d) Free trade

28. Which species is considered a keystone species in an ecosystem?
    a) Humans
    b) Wolves ✅
    c) Rats
    d) Pigeons

29. What is the main cause of ozone layer depletion?
    a) Carbon emissions
    b) CFCs ✅
    c) Deforestation
    d) Acid rain

30. Which energy source does NOT produce greenhouse gases?
    a) Wind energy ✅
    b) Coal
    c) Petroleum
    d) Natural gas

G) Environmental Laws and Policies

31. The Environment Protection Act in India was passed in:
    a) 1974
    b) 1981
    c) 1986 ✅
    d) 1992

32. Which Indian act focuses on air pollution control?
    a) The Water Act, 1974
    b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 ✅
    c) The Forest Act, 1980
    d) The Biodiversity Act, 2002

33. Which international agreement aims to protect endangered species?
    a) CITES ✅
    b) Kyoto Protocol
    c) Stockholm Convention
    d) Paris Agreement

34. Which Indian state has the highest forest cover?
    a) Kerala
    b) Madhya Pradesh ✅
    c) Assam
    d) Rajasthan

35. The Paris Agreement focuses on:
    a) Global trade
    b) Climate change mitigation ✅
    c) Ozone layer protection
    d) Marine conservation

H) Conservation and Sustainability

36. Which conservation strategy involves protecting an entire ecosystem?
    a) Ex-situ conservation
    b) In-situ conservation ✅
    c) Wildlife trade
    d) Genetic modification

37. Which of the following is an example of in-situ conservation?
    a) Botanical gardens
    b) National parks ✅
    c) Seed banks
    d) Zoos

38. Which organization manages the Red List of threatened species?
    a) UNEP
    b) WWF
    c) IUCN ✅
    d) IPCC

39. What is the goal of afforestation?
    a) Increase forest cover ✅
    b) Reduce mining
    c) Improve fisheries
    d) Increase industrialization

40. Which material is easiest to recycle?
    a) Glass ✅
    b) Plastic
    c) Styrofoam
    d) Leather

I) Environmental Sustainability and Conservation

41. Which practice helps in maintaining soil fertility?
    a) Monocropping
    b) Crop rotation ✅
    c) Overgrazing
    d) Deforestation

42. What does the term “biodiversity” refer to?
    a) Variety of human races
    b) Variety of plant and animal species in an ecosystem ✅
    c) Types of landforms
    d) Different weather patterns

43. Which energy source is considered the cleanest?
    a) Coal
    b) Nuclear
    c) Wind ✅
    d) Diesel

44. Which of the following is an effect of deforestation?
    a) Soil erosion ✅
    b) Increased oxygen levels
    c) Water conservation
    d) Increase in wildlife population

45. Which of the following is a biodegradable material?
    a) Plastic
    b) Aluminum
    c) Paper ✅
    d) Glass

J) Climate Change and Global Warming

46. Which gas has the highest contribution to global warming?
    a) Nitrogen
    b) Carbon dioxide ✅
    c) Helium
    d) Sulfur dioxide

47. Which is NOT a cause of climate change?
    a) Burning fossil fuels
    b) Deforestation
    c) Urbanization
    d) Wind energy ✅

48. Which organization publishes the Climate Change Assessment Reports?
    a) UNEP
    b) IPCC ✅
    c) WHO
    d) WWF

49. Which of the following is a major consequence of global warming?
    a) Sea level rise ✅
    b) Increase in freshwater reserves
    c) Increase in soil fertility
    d) Ozone layer formation

50. Which region is most affected by the melting of ice caps?
    a) Amazon Rainforest
    b) Sahara Desert
    c) Arctic and Antarctic ✅
    d) Indian Ocean

K) Basics of Environmental Science

51. What is the primary goal of environmental science?
    a) To study only plant species
    b) To understand and solve environmental problems ✅
    c) To focus on industrial development
    d) To explore space

52. Which of the following is NOT a component of the environment?
    a) Atmosphere
    b) Hydrosphere
    c) Biosphere
    d) Internet ✅

53. Which branch of science deals with the relationships between organisms and their environment?
    a) Botany
    b) Ecology ✅
    c) Chemistry
    d) Astronomy

54. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
    a) Coal
    b) Natural gas
    c) Solar energy ✅
    d) Petroleum

55. Which process is responsible for the greenhouse effect?
    a) Ozone depletion
    b) Absorption and trapping of heat in the atmosphere ✅
    c) Ocean currents
    d) Nuclear radiation

L) Environmental Education and Awareness

56. What is the main objective of environmental education?
    a) To study history
    b) To promote awareness and sustainable practices ✅
    c) To develop industrial zones
    d) To increase mining activities

57. Which day is celebrated as ‘World Environment Day’?
    a) June 5 ✅
    b) April 22
    c) September 16
    d) March 21

58. Which international agreement aims to control climate change?
    a) Kyoto Protocol ✅
    b) Geneva Convention
    c) Montreal Protocol
    d) Paris Agreement

59. Which of the following is NOT an objective of environmental awareness?
    a) Promoting sustainable living
    b) Encouraging deforestation ✅
    c) Reducing pollution
    d) Protecting biodiversity

60. Which organization works for global environmental protection?
    a) WHO
    b) UNESCO
    c) UNEP ✅
    d) WTO

M) Interaction between Environment and Civilization

61. Which ancient civilization is known for sustainable water management?
    a) Indus Valley Civilization ✅
    b) Roman Civilization
    c) Greek Civilization
    d) Mesopotamian Civilization

62. Which revolution significantly increased human impact on the environment?
    a) Industrial Revolution ✅
    b) Green Revolution
    c) French Revolution
    d) American Revolution

63. What is the primary cause of urbanization?
    a) Industrial growth ✅
    b) Agricultural expansion
    c) Decrease in population
    d) Mining activities

64. Which activity is responsible for desertification?
    a) Excessive irrigation
    b) Overgrazing
    c) Deforestation
    d) All of the above ✅

65. Which environmental problem is directly linked to excessive population growth?
    a) Resource depletion ✅
    b) Ocean currents
    c) Volcanic eruptions
    d) Earthquakes

N) Ecological Footprints

66. What does an ecological footprint measure?
    a) Population growth
    b) The amount of land required to support a person’s lifestyle ✅
    c) The number of trees in an area
    d) The water cycle

67. Which country has the highest ecological footprint per capita?
    a) India
    b) China
    c) United States ✅
    d) Brazil

68. Which activity increases an individual’s ecological footprint?
    a) Using renewable energy
    b) Eating locally produced food
    c) Driving a gasoline-powered car ✅
    d) Planting trees

69. Which of the following reduces an ecological footprint?
    a) Recycling ✅
    b) Deforestation
    c) Overfishing
    d) Wasting food

70. Which factor is NOT included in the calculation of an ecological footprint?
    a) Carbon emissions
    b) Energy consumption
    c) Water usage
    d) Intelligence level ✅

O) Genesis of Environmentalism

71. Which book by Rachel Carson helped launch the modern environmental movement?
    a) Silent Spring ✅
    b) The Green Revolution
    c) Earth’s Future
    d) The Living Planet

72. Which movement aimed at preventing deforestation in India?
    a) Chipko Movement ✅
    b) Narmada Bachao Andolan
    c) Green Revolution
    d) Bhopal Gas Tragedy

73. Which international event first highlighted global environmental issues?
    a) Earth Summit 1992 ✅
    b) Kyoto Protocol
    c) Paris Agreement
    d) Rio+20

74. What is the primary focus of environmentalism?
    a) Protection and conservation of nature ✅
    b) Space exploration
    c) Increasing industrial production
    d) Economic growth

75. Which of the following was an early environmental law in India?
    a) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 ✅
    b) Environmental Protection Act, 1986
    c) Air Prevention and Control Act, 1981
    d) Forest Conservation Act, 1980

P) Miscellaneous Environmental Issues

76. Which gas is responsible for ozone layer depletion?
    a) CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) ✅
    b) Oxygen
    c) Methane
    d) Carbon dioxide

77. Which type of pollution is caused by excessive use of artificial light?
    a) Air pollution
    b) Water pollution
    c) Light pollution ✅
    d) Noise pollution

78. Which pollutant is mainly responsible for acid rain?
    a) Carbon monoxide
    b) Sulfur dioxide ✅
    c) Methane
    d) Oxygen

79. Which energy source does NOT produce greenhouse gases?
    a) Coal
    b) Natural gas
    c) Wind ✅
    d) Diesel

80. What does EIA stand for in environmental studies?
    a) Environmental Impact Assessment ✅
    b) Ecological Industrial Approach
    c) Earth International Agreement
    d) Environmental Industrial Act

81. Which is a major cause of water pollution?
    a) Organic farming
    b) Oil spills ✅
    c) Solar power plants
    d) Wind turbines

82. Which gas is a major contributor to acid rain?
    a) Sulfur dioxide ✅
    b) Hydrogen
    c) Oxygen
    d) Nitrogen

83. Which of the following is a major source of indoor air pollution?
    a) Burning wood ✅
    b) Wind energy
    c) Solar panels
    d) Hydroelectricity

84. Which treaty aims to protect the ozone layer?
    a) Montreal Protocol ✅
    b) Kyoto Protocol
    c) Paris Agreement
    d) Ramsar Convention

85. Which is a primary cause of deforestation?
    a) Urbanization ✅
    b) Ecotourism
    c) Wildlife conservation
    d) Renewable energy usage

Q) Basics of Environmental Science

86. Which of the following gases is a major greenhouse gas?
    a) Oxygen
    b) Carbon dioxide ✅
    c) Nitrogen
    d) Neon

87. Which is the best way to reduce air pollution?
    a) Using renewable energy sources ✅
    b) Increasing industrial activities
    c) Cutting down more trees
    d) Using more fossil fuels

88. Which form of energy is NOT considered renewable?
    a) Wind
    b) Solar
    c) Natural gas ✅
    d) Hydropower

89. What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?
    a) Produce oxygen
    b) Break down dead organic matter ✅
    c) Absorb sunlight
    d) Consume herbivores

90. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by water?
    a) 29%
    b) 50%
    c) 71% ✅
    d) 90%

R) Environmental Education and Awareness

91. Which term refers to the wise and careful use of natural resources?
    a) Exploitation
    b) Conservation ✅
    c) Degradation
    d) Pollution

92. What is the full form of UNEP?
    a) United Nations Environment Programme ✅
    b) United Nations Economic Policy
    c) Universal Nature & Energy Policy
    d) United National Ecology Project

93. Which one is a primary objective of environmental education?
    a) Industrial development
    b) Awareness of environmental issues ✅
    c) Encouraging urbanization
    d) Promoting deforestation

94. Which organization releases the annual Global Environmental Outlook Report?
    a) UNESCO
    b) UNEP ✅
    c) WHO
    d) WWF

95. Which of the following can best help in protecting biodiversity?
    a) Increasing deforestation
    b) Protecting natural habitats ✅
    c) Increasing industrial pollution
    d) Excessive use of fertilizers

S) Interaction between Environment and Civilization

96. Which of the following is a major impact of industrialization on the environment?
    a) Reduced pollution
    b) Deforestation ✅
    c) Increased biodiversity
    d) Soil conservation

97. Which human activity is responsible for soil erosion?
    a) Terrace farming
    b) Deforestation ✅
    c) Reforestation
    d) Mulching

98. What is the main cause of climate change?
    a) Volcanic eruptions
    b) Human activities and greenhouse gas emissions ✅
    c) Earth’s rotation
    d) Tides and ocean currents

99. Which sector is the largest contributor to global deforestation?
    a) Fishing
    b) Agriculture ✅
    c) Mining
    d) Tourism

100. Which activity leads to land degradation?
     a) Afforestation
     b) Overgrazing ✅
     c) Water conservation
     d) Use of organic fertilizers

T) Ecological Footprints

101. Which country has the lowest per capita ecological footprint?
     a) United States
     b) Australia
     c) India ✅
     d) Germany

102. What is the primary goal of sustainable development?
     a) Economic growth at any cost
     b) Balancing environmental, economic, and social needs ✅
     c) Expanding industrial areas
     d) Promoting overconsumption

103. Which factor increases a country’s ecological footprint?
     a) Recycling
     b) Energy efficiency
     c) Deforestation ✅
     d) Use of public transport

104. Which of the following helps in reducing an individual’s ecological footprint?
     a) Using public transportation ✅
     b) Eating processed food
     c) Relying on fossil fuels
     d) Excessive water usage

105. Which term describes the overuse of natural resources faster than they can be replenished?
     a) Sustainability
     b) Environmental degradation ✅
     c) Recycling
     d) Biodiversity

U) Genesis of Environmentalism

106. Which year was the first Earth Summit held?
     a) 1972
     b) 1982
     c) 1992 ✅
     d) 2002

107. Who is known as the father of environmental science?
     a) Aristotle
     b) Alexander von Humboldt ✅
     c) Charles Darwin
     d) Isaac Newton

108. Which treaty was signed to reduce the depletion of the ozone layer?
     a) Kyoto Protocol
     b) Montreal Protocol ✅
     c) Paris Agreement
     d) Basel Convention

109. Which Indian law focuses on forest conservation?
     a) Environmental Protection Act, 1986
     b) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
     c) Forest Conservation Act, 1980 ✅
     d) Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981

110. Which environmental disaster in India led to stricter environmental laws?
     a) Kargil War
     b) Bhopal Gas Tragedy ✅
     c) Green Revolution
     d) Asian Tsunami

V) Miscellaneous Environmental Issues

111. Which type of pollution is caused by excessive noise?
     a) Air pollution
     b) Water pollution
     c) Noise pollution ✅
     d) Soil pollution

112. What is the main cause of eutrophication?
     a) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers ✅
     b) Deforestation
     c) Solar radiation
     d) Nuclear waste

113. Which renewable energy source is the most widely used worldwide?
     a) Solar
     b) Wind
     c) Hydropower ✅
     d) Geothermal

114. Which of the following is a biodegradable waste?
     a) Plastic
     b) Glass
     c) Banana peel ✅
     d) Aluminum

115. What is the primary function of wetlands?
     a) Water filtration ✅
     b) Air pollution control
     c) Increasing urbanization
     d) Producing fossil fuels

116. Which type of solid waste takes the longest to decompose?
     a) Paper
     b) Food waste
     c) Glass ✅
     d) Wood

117. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
     a) Methane
     b) Oxygen ✅
     c) Carbon dioxide
     d) Nitrous oxide

118. What does ‘3Rs’ stand for in waste management?
     a) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle ✅
     b) Restore, Reclaim, Reduce
     c) Reduce, Repair, Reuse
     d) Recycle, Relocate, Reuse

119. Which natural disaster is directly linked to deforestation?
     a) Earthquake
     b) Landslide ✅
     c) Tsunami
     d) Hurricane

120. Which of the following best describes biomagnification?
     a) Increase in population size
     b) Accumulation of toxins in food chains ✅
     c) Rise in biodiversity
     d) Deforestation effects

W) Basics of Environmental Science

121. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
     a) Troposphere
     b) Stratosphere ✅
     c) Mesosphere
     d) Thermosphere

122. Which of the following is NOT a non-renewable resource?
     a) Coal
     b) Natural gas
     c) Wind energy ✅
     d) Petroleum

123. Which natural process helps regulate Earth’s temperature?
     a) Photosynthesis
     b) Greenhouse effect ✅
     c) Acid rain
     d) Soil erosion

124. Which chemical compound is primarily responsible for acid rain?
     a) Carbon dioxide
     b) Sulfur dioxide ✅
     c) Methane
     d) Oxygen

125. What is the main component of smog?
     a) Sulfur dioxide
     b) Ozone ✅
     c) Methane
     d) Carbon monoxide

126. Which of the following gases is NOT a greenhouse gas?
     a) Water vapor
     b) Carbon dioxide
     c) Nitrogen ✅
     d) Methane

127. Which term describes the gradual increase in Earth’s average temperature?
     a) Global warming ✅
     b) Ozone depletion
     c) Acidification
     d) Greenhouse effect

128. What is the main cause of desertification?
     a) Excess rainfall
     b) Deforestation ✅
     c) Urbanization
     d) Glacier melting

129. What does biodiversity refer to?
     a) Different climate zones
     b) Variety of living organisms ✅
     c) Air pollution levels
     d) Types of rocks

130. Which of the following contributes to soil erosion?
     a) Planting trees
     b) Building terraces
     c) Overgrazing ✅
     d) Mulching

X) Environmental Education and Awareness

131. Which international agreement aims to control global warming?
     a) Kyoto Protocol ✅
     b) Montreal Protocol
     c) Basel Convention
     d) Rio Summit

132. What is the primary goal of environmental education?
     a) Increase urbanization
     b) Raise awareness and encourage action ✅
     c) Promote deforestation
     d) Expand industrial zones

133. Which organization promotes wildlife conservation globally?
     a) WHO
     b) WWF ✅
     c) UNESCO
     d) FAO

134. What is the main aim of sustainable development?
     a) Promote economic growth
     b) Ensure balance between nature and human needs ✅
     c) Expand industrial areas
     d) Reduce energy production

135. Which is NOT an environmental awareness program?
     a) Earth Hour
     b) Swachh Bharat Mission
     c) Operation Green ✅
     d) World Environment Day

136. Which Indian initiative promotes afforestation and tree plantation?
     a) Clean India Mission
     b) Van Mahotsav ✅
     c) Make in India
     d) Digital India

137. Which law was enacted in India to control water pollution?
     a) Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974 ✅
     b) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
     c) Air Pollution Act, 1981
     d) Environmental Protection Act, 1986

138. Which human activity contributes most to ozone layer depletion?
     a) Deforestation
     b) Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ✅
     c) Mining
     d) Nuclear power plants

139. Which organization provides environmental education globally?
     a) NASA
     b) UNEP ✅
     c) WHO
     d) WTO

140. Which of the following is NOT an example of an environmental campaign?
     a) Chipko Movement
     b) Narmada Bachao Andolan
     c) Green Revolution ✅
     d) Save Silent Valley Movement

Y) Interaction between Environment and Civilization

141. Which civilization collapsed due to environmental degradation?
     a) Indus Valley
     b) Mesopotamian
     c) Maya ✅
     d) Chinese

142. Which natural disaster is often worsened by deforestation?
     a) Earthquake
     b) Flood ✅
     c) Tsunami
     d) Hurricane

143. Which ancient civilization is known for its sustainable agricultural practices?
     a) Roman
     b) Egyptian
     c) Mayan
     d) Incan ✅

144. What is the primary cause of urban air pollution?
     a) Vehicular emissions ✅
     b) Afforestation
     c) Use of solar energy
     d) Organic farming

145. Which is a major consequence of overpopulation?
     a) Increased resource consumption ✅
     b) Reduced pollution
     c) More wildlife habitats
     d) Decreased waste generation

146. Which human activity significantly increases carbon footprint?
     a) Walking
     b) Using fossil fuels ✅
     c) Recycling
     d) Eating local produce

147. Which natural resource is most affected by industrial pollution?
     a) Soil
     b) Water ✅
     c) Air
     d) Forests

148. Which type of farming reduces environmental degradation?
     a) Industrial farming
     b) Organic farming ✅
     c) Monoculture
     d) Slash-and-burn farming

149. Which human activity has caused the most habitat destruction?
     a) Fishing
     b) Deforestation ✅
     c) Organic farming
     d) Urban gardening

150. Which of the following is an example of an environmentally sustainable practice?
     a) Mining coal
     b) Using solar panels ✅
     c) Cutting rainforests
     d) Overfishing

Z) Ecological Footprints

151. What does the term ‘Ecological Footprint’ measure?
     a) Carbon emissions only
     b) Total land and water required to sustain a population ✅
     c) The number of species in an area
     d) The amount of pollution in the air

152. Which country has the highest ecological footprint per capita?
     a) India
     b) China
     c) USA ✅
     d) Brazil

153. Which factor contributes most to an individual’s ecological footprint?
     a) Education level
     b) Diet and energy consumption ✅
     c) Number of children
     d) Type of job

154. How can a person reduce their ecological footprint?
     a) Using public transportation ✅
     b) Consuming more plastic
     c) Increasing meat consumption
     d) Wasting food

155. Which of the following is NOT included in the ecological footprint calculation?
     a) Carbon footprint
     b) Land use for agriculture
     c) Water consumption
     d) Number of cars produced ✅

156. What is the relationship between a country’s development and its ecological footprint?
     a) More developed countries have a lower footprint
     b) More developed countries have a higher footprint ✅
     c) Less developed countries have the highest footprint
     d) There is no connection

157. Which human activity has the largest impact on the ecological footprint?
     a) Sleeping
     b) Fossil fuel consumption ✅
     c) Watching TV
     d) Reading books

158. Which type of diet generally has the lowest ecological footprint?
     a) Meat-based
     b) Vegan ✅
     c) Dairy-based
     d) High-fat diet

159. What is the main way deforestation affects the ecological footprint?
     a) Increases carbon storage
     b) Reduces biodiversity ✅
     c) Lowers air pollution
     d) Improves soil quality

160. What does a high ecological footprint indicate?
     a) Sustainability
     b) Environmental balance
     c) Overuse of natural resources ✅
     d) Reduced pollution

AA) Genesis of Environmentalism

161. Who is known as the father of environmental science?
     a) Charles Darwin
     b) Aldo Leopold ✅
     c) Rachel Carson
     d) E.O. Wilson

162. Which book by Rachel Carson started the modern environmental movement?
     a) Silent Spring ✅
     b) The Green Planet
     c) The Limits to Growth
     d) Our Common Future

163. Which year was the first Earth Day celebrated?
     a) 1970 ✅
     b) 1985
     c) 1992
     d) 1965

164. What was the main focus of the Chipko Movement?
     a) Reducing pollution
     b) Preventing deforestation ✅
     c) Banning plastic
     d) Wildlife conservation

165. Which Indian environmentalist is known for the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
     a) Medha Patkar ✅
     b) Vandana Shiva
     c) Sunderlal Bahuguna
     d) Maneka Gandhi

166. Which of the following is NOT a major environmental movement?
     a) Kyoto Protocol
     b) Green Revolution ✅
     c) Chipko Movement
     d) Earth Hour

167. Which international conference led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)?
     a) Rio Summit
     b) Stockholm Conference (1972) ✅
     c) Kyoto Protocol
     d) Paris Agreement

168. Who proposed the ‘Gaia Hypothesis’ which describes Earth as a self-regulating system?
     a) James Lovelock ✅
     b) E.O. Wilson
     c) Aldo Leopold
     d) Rachel Carson

169. Which law is the foundation of environmental protection in India?
     a) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
     b) Environmental Protection Act, 1986 ✅
     c) Water Prevention and Control Act, 1974
     d) Air Pollution Act, 1981

170. Which of the following was a key environmental concern of the 20th century?
     a) Climate change ✅
     b) Genetic modification
     c) Artificial intelligence
     d) Space exploration

BB) Additional Environmental Topics

171. Which of the following is a renewable resource?
     a) Coal
     b) Wind energy ✅
     c) Natural gas
     d) Petroleum

172. Which gas is primarily responsible for global warming?
     a) Oxygen
     b) Nitrogen
     c) Carbon dioxide ✅
     d) Neon

173. What is the main cause of eutrophication in water bodies?
     a) Deforestation
     b) Excessive nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen ✅
     c) Overfishing
     d) Oil spills

174. Which type of pollution affects human hearing ability?
     a) Air pollution
     b) Noise pollution ✅
     c) Soil pollution
     d) Water pollution

175. Which of the following contributes to air pollution?
     a) Planting trees
     b) Car emissions ✅
     c) Wind energy
     d) Solar panels

176. What is the primary function of the ozone layer?
     a) Absorb greenhouse gases
     b) Protect from ultraviolet radiation ✅
     c) Trap heat in the atmosphere
     d) Increase global warming

177. Which of the following is an effect of global warming?
     a) Increase in sea levels ✅
     b) Decrease in temperature
     c) Expansion of ice caps
     d) Less extreme weather events

178. Which substance is biodegradable?
     a) Plastic
     b) Paper ✅
     c) Glass
     d) Aluminum

179. What is an example of an alternative energy source?
     a) Coal
     b) Natural gas
     c) Solar power ✅
     d) Diesel

180. Which of the following is the best strategy to conserve water?
     a) Leave taps running
     b) Use rainwater harvesting ✅
     c) Increase water usage
     d) Build more dams

181. Which human activity is the leading cause of deforestation?
     a) Afforestation
     b) Agriculture ✅
     c) Water conservation
     d) Soil erosion

182. What is the process by which plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
     a) Respiration
     b) Photosynthesis ✅
     c) Decomposition
     d) Condensation

183. Which of the following human activities is NOT eco-friendly?
     a) Recycling
     b) Deforestation ✅
     c) Composting
     d) Using solar panels

184. Which waste disposal method is the most sustainable?
     a) Open dumping
     b) Incineration
     c) Recycling ✅
     d) Landfills

185. What is the main reason for loss of biodiversity?
     a) Habitat destruction ✅
     b) Water conservation
     c) Industrial revolution
     d) Space exploration

186. Which pollutant is most responsible for smog formation?
     a) Carbon monoxide
     b) Ozone ✅
     c) Oxygen
     d) Water vapor

187. What is an example of an ecosystem?
     a) A desert
     b) A rainforest
     c) A coral reef
     d) All of the above ✅

188. Which gas do plants absorb during photosynthesis?
     a) Oxygen
     b) Nitrogen
     c) Carbon dioxide ✅
     d) Hydrogen

189. Which is the cleanest fossil fuel?
     a) Coal
     b) Diesel
     c) Natural gas ✅
     d) Petrol

190. What does “zero waste” aim to achieve?
     a) Reduce, reuse, recycle ✅
     b) Produce more waste
     c) Increase pollution
     d) Encourage landfill use